Potencial de plantas aromáticas en la entomofauna y calidad del rambután (Nephelium lappaceum L.)

Abstract

El rambután en el Soconusco, Chiapas, México, alberga una superficie mayor a las 2000 hectáreas; área que aloja sistemas de monocultivos, fundamentados bajo esquemas de insumos externos. El presente estudio se desarrolló durante agosto 2013 - junio 2014, en una plantación de cuatro años de trasplantada, localizada en el municipio de Huixtla, Chiapas, México; con el objetivo de evaluar el potencial alelopático y atrayente de plantas aromáticas sobre la entomofauna y calidad comercial del rambután. Se evaluaron tres especies de plantas: Origanum vulgare, Ocimum basilicum y Tagetes erecta, asociadas al cultivo de rambután; bajo un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones; donde se midieron indicadores de la abundancia, habito alimenticio de insectos y calidad de frutos de rambután. Los resultados demostraron que las plantas aromáticas incrementan la abundancia de insectos, con un total de 13 481 individuos distribuidos en 13 órdenes y 87 familias; el 32,00 % corresponde a insectos asociados a Ocimum basilicum, 30,03 % Origanum vulgare, 21,07 % al testigo y el 16,88 % a Tagetes erecta. Ocimum basilicum presentó el porcentaje más alto de insectos benéficos (2,08 %), O. vulgare (1,15), Tagetes erecta (1,11), siendo inferior el testigo (0,85 %); no obstante, O vulgare presentó el mayor número de piojo harinoso. En la fase reproductiva existen diferencias en las fechas de floración y antesis; donde, O. basilicum presenta una precocidad de 17 días con respecto al sistema tradicional. Los parámetros de calidad comercial (peso y solidos solubles) se ven mejorados con la asociación de plantas aromáticas, principalmente con Tagetes erecta. Rambutan acreage in the Soconusco, region of Mexico, Chiapas is over 2000 hectares, mostly under monocultural agrosystems based on the high use of external inputs. The experiment was carried out from august 2013 to june 2014 in a four year-old plantation (from planting), located in the Huixtla municipality, Chiapas; with the objective of evaluating the allelopathic and attractive potential of aromatic plants on the entomofauna and commercial quality of rambutan, three plant species were evaluated: Origanum vulgare, Ocimum basilicum and Tagetes erecta, associated with the cultivation of rambutan; under an experimental design in random blocks with four treatments and five repetitions where indicators of abundance, food habit of insects and quality of fruits of rambutan were measured. The results showed that the arorders and 87 families; 32.00 % corresponds to insects associated with Ocimum basilicum, 30.03 % Origanum vulgare, 21.07 % to the control and 16.88 % to Tagetes erecta. Ocimum basilicum had the highest percentage of beneficial insects (2.08 %), O. vulgare (1.15), T. erecta (1.11), the control being lower (0.85 %); however, O vulgare presented the highest number of mealy bugs. In the reproductive phase there are differences in the dates of flowering and anthesis; where, O. basilicum has a precocity of 17 days with respect to the traditional system. The parameters of commercial quality (weight and soluble solids) are improved with the association of aromatic plants, mainly with Tagetes erecta. (sic.)omatic plants increase the abundance of insects, with a total of 13 481 individuals distributed in 13 orders and 87 families; 32.00 % corresponds to insects associated with Ocimum basilicum, 30.03 % Origanum vulgare, 21.07 % to the control and 16.88 % to Tagetes erecta. Ocimum basilicum had the highest percentage of beneficial insects (2.08 %), O. vulgare (1.15), T. erecta (1.11), the control being lower (0.85 %); however, O vulgare presented the highest number of mealy bugs. In the reproductive phase there are differences in the dates of flowering and anthesis; where, O. basilicum has a precocity of 17 days with respect to the traditional system. The parameters of commercial quality (weight and soluble solids) are improved with the association of aromatic plants, mainly with Tagetes erecta. (sic.)